CramPuppy - Free Revision Notes » Ib » Anthropology
2: Ethnicity / Ethnic Groups
3: Functionalism
4: Poverty
5: Symbolism
6: Applying Concepts of cultural and social change to ethnographies
7: Development versus Dependency theory
8: The role of the anthropologist
9: Social and Cultural Change; Causes and Results
10: The Process of Social and Cultural Change
11: Myth
12: Religion and Ideology
13: Men in Tahiti and Semai
14: Stratification by gender is a culture practice based on cultural values, not biological factors. Discuss in relation to 2 ethnographies.
15: The Gopalpur
16: The Trobrianders
17: The Yanomamo
18: Gender as an organising concept
19: Peasants
20: Cultural Ecology and Environmentalism
21: The Aborigines
22: Tropical Horticulturalists (Tsembaga Maring and Trobrianders)
23: Two types of division of labour in two different hunting-gathering societies.
24: Society Types
25: Vocabulary/Miscellaneous
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Anthropology Free Revision Notes
Levi-Strauss analysed cultural phenomena such as languages, myths and
kinship systems to discover what ordered patterns, or structures, they
seemed to display. These, he suggested, could reveal the
2: Ethnicity / Ethnic Groups
Ethnicity- the identification of individuals with particular ethnic
groups
Ethnic groups are usually limited to minorities; groups that are smaller
than the dominant group in their society. The com
3: Functionalism
Functionalism is a system used by cultures which concentrates on and
emphasises the functional interactions of cultures and societies, i.e.
why and how certain rituals, daily chores etc. are perform
4: Poverty
Contribution by anthropologists to issues such as poverty-
Development anthropology- efforts by anthropologists to improve the
well-being of people in the ?developing? countries, in areas such as he
5: Symbolism
A symbol is something human beings use to stand for something else (Needham).
Animals, as well as humans, have been said to use symbols, e.g. sign
language, computer keys in apes. But they do not us
6: Applying Concepts of cultural and social change to ethnographies
Yanomamo
- Many of the changes that are occurring among the Yanomamo are the
result of the increasing Catholic mission activities at their several main
posts of Ocamo, Mavaca and Platanal and the e
7: Development versus Dependency theory
- How does Frank?s ?dependency theory? differ from the traditional ?development
theory??
The conventional view of the undeveloped countries denies them a history:
?To classify these countries as ?t
8: The role of the anthropologist
- Development anthropology- efforts by anthropologists to improve the
well-being of people in the ?developing? countries in areas such as health
care, education, and agriculture.
- Development anth
9: Social and Cultural Change; Causes and Results
Causes
- Globalisation- contact
- Economic growth
- Changes of subsistence
- Technology
- Natural Changes
- Colonialism
- Leader
- Conflict within a country
- Inventions
Results
- Alcoholis
10: The Process of Social and Cultural Change
What Processes bring about cultural change?
Leslie White?s ?cultural materialist? theory (1971) states that there
are 3 sub-systems:
1) Technological- material culture used to exploit environment (
11: Myth
Myth- a story describing the origins of the world, some natural phenomenon,
or some aspect of culture, which contains at least one physically or humanly
impossible event or situation. Myths are ofte
12: Religion and Ideology
Religion can take many forms, there can be a worship of a range of deities
(Gods) or one, or none. God can be constantly intervening, or rarely intervene.
Gods can be punitive or benevolent. They ca
13: Men in Tahiti and Semai
Tahiti, an Island in Polynesia, has a much less marked differentiation
between masculinity and femininity then most societies. Furthermore, the
Tahitian concept of masculinity does not require men t
14: Stratification by gender is a culture practice based on cultural values, not biological factors. Discuss in relation to 2 ethnographies.
Social stratification is a system which exists in most societies, and
distinguishes between individuals and/or groups according to their socially-defined
attributes, and gives them different statuse
15: The Gopalpur
- Men and women in Gopalpur rise with the first light of dawn. The women
stumbles into the black interior of the house and brings out cold food
left over from the day before. The farmer wolfs his li
16: The Trobrianders
- A man?s wife is thought to become pregnant when an ancestral spirit
enters her body and causes conception. Even after a child is born, Malinowski
reported, it is the mother?s brother rather than t
17: The Yanomamo
- Yanomamo society is decidedly masculine-
male chauvinistic even.
- Female children assume duties and responsibilities in the household
long before their brothers are
18: Gender as an organising concept
There is a distinction made between ?sex? and ?gender?:
Sex- the biological category into which a person is born, male
or female, as determined by chromosomal and anatomical characteristics.
19: Peasants
Peasants- Typically agricultural people who share the same general cultural
tradition as members of the larger and more technologically complex societies
in which they live. Found in India, China, L
20: Cultural Ecology and Environmentalism
Cultural ecology- the study of the ways in which different human groups
interact with, and relate to their environment in order to survive and
change (or not to), as human groups.
How the environme
21: The Aborigines
- There have been people in Australia for some 40,000 years
- The first Australians arrived from Asia. By the time Europeans arrived,
there were perhaps 300,00 of them.
- There were 2 patterns of l
22: Tropical Horticulturalists (Tsembaga Maring and Trobrianders)
Horticulture- a method of subsistence based on growing crops with simple
tools and technologies
Slash & burn- a form of horticulture in which a plot of land is
cultivated for some years and the
23: Two types of division of labour in two different hunting-gathering societies.
The division of labour in these hunter-gatherer societies is well balanced,
and is organised to suit the needs of all of the members of the society.
Every member of these societies plays a contribut
24: Society Types
Hunters and Gatherers- (Aborigines and !Kung San Bushmen)
Band- a group of hunters
These are societies which depend on hunting, fishing, or the gathering
of wild plants to provide their basic food
25: Vocabulary/Miscellaneous
The ethnographic process- all of the various activities and research
methods which the anthropologist must undertake in order to obtain a profound
and objective understanding of culture being studi
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