CramPuppy - Free Revision Notes » Latest »
102: Pollution
103: Diffusion
104: Genetic Terminology
105: Cells / Tissues / Organs
106: Classification of Living Things
107: Life Processes
108: Mitosis
109: Meiosis
110: Alcohol
111: Fractional Distillation
112: Alkenes
113: Alkanes
114: Organic Chemicals
115: Carbon Cycle
116: Water Purification
117: Water Softening
118: Scum Formation
119: Hard Water
120: Chemical Changes
121: Electrolysis
122: Ion Analysis
123: Bonding
124: Important Ions
125: Reactivity Series
Page 5 of 18
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]
Latest Articles
101: Leaching / Eutrophication
Leaching describes the "washing out" from soils any soluble
chemicals that are not "bound" to the soil particles. It occurs as
excess rain (or flood) waters drain through the soil...
102: Pollution
The impact of human activities on the earth has become noticeable and significant during the last century resulting from:
Increasing population - this resulted from increased food supply and improved..
103: Diffusion
Diffusion is the seemingly random movement of a substance from where
these particles are in high concentration to where there are fewer. The
diffusion stops where there is no concentration gradient ex..
104: Genetic Terminology
DNA
The molecule which contains genes. It's shaped like a double helix (a spiral)
Chromosomes
Found in the cell nucleus: X-shaped things made up of long coils of DNA
..
105: Cells / Tissues / Organs
Protoplasm
Consists of cytoplasm and nucleus.
Cytoplasm
Jelly like substance where chemical reactions take place and other parts are embedded.
Nucleus
..
106: Classification of Living Things
Living things are grouped into 1 of 5 kingdoms which are as follows:
Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protista, and Monera. The list below shows the
other attributes (in order) which are used to more accuratel..
107: Life Processes
Movement
Animals move to find food and away from predators and plants move towards light.
Reproduction
Both animals and plants reproduce to keep their spec..
108: Mitosis
Between divisions, a copy of each chromosome is made. The chromosomes
then start to become visible. The centrioles separate and move to
opposite poles (ends) of the cell. The chromosomes are clearly v..
109: Meiosis
As meiosis begins, the chromosomes start to become visible. At this
stage they have produced replicas of each other. The centrioles
separate and move to opposite poles (ends) of the cell. The chromoso..
110: Alcohol
Alcohols make good fuels because they burn easily and they release a
lot of heat energy, which can be harnessed to power machines etc...
The combustion of alcohol is an exothermic reaction and this me..
111: Fractional Distillation
Fractional distillation is the process of heating up a mixture
containing different substances with different boiling points, and
drawing the different fractions off as they each boil and liquify at
i..
112: Alkenes
The general formula for alkenes is as follows:
CnH2n (where "n" is a constant)
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons because they contain a double bond
between two of their carbon..
113: Alkanes
The general formula for alkanes is as follows:
CnH2n+2 (where "n" is a constant)
The first ten members of the homologous series of the alkanes are:
CH4 (Metha..
114: Organic Chemicals
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. The number of
different organic compounds which are known is well over 1 million and
these compounds vary in properties, economic importance and us..
115: Carbon Cycle
The carbon cycle is simply the process by which Carbon Dioxide is put
into and removed from the atmosphere. This process is very finely
balanced to keep the percentage of CO2
in the atmosphere at 0.03..
116: Water Purification
There are 3 main processes undertaken in the water purifying process:
Filtration
Bacterial Oxidation
Chlorine Treatment
The different stages are listed in more detail below:
Water pumped f..
117: Water Softening
Temporary Hard Water
This is caused by calcium or magnesium hydrogen-carbonate. It can be removed by boiling the water.
Ca(HCO3)2 (aqueous) ----> CaCO3 (solid) + H2..
118: Scum Formation
Soap contains salts such as sodium stearate and sodium palmitate and
when calcium ions in hard water mix with soap, a precipitate of calcium
stearate / calcium palmitate is formed.
In the following eq..
119: Hard Water
Hard water does not produce as much lather as soft water when it is
used with soap and also an insoluble solid called scum is left on the
sides of the wash basin.
Calcium chloride, Magnesium nitrate, ..
120: Chemical Changes
Thermal Decomposition
A single substance is broken down by heating. A good example of this is the cracking of hydrocarbons.
Displacement
When one more reactive element pushes another less reactive el..
121: Electrolysis
This is the (chemical) process by which a compound in its molten state
is decomposed to form its elements. Some of its uses are as follows:
Extraction of reactive metals from their ore. (e.g. - alumin..
122: Ion Analysis
Testing for Cations
Cations are positively charged (+) ions. There are 2 basic tests for them:
Flame test
Adding NaOH (aq) to solution of ionic compound
The flame test involves a clean nichrome ..
123: Bonding
Metallic Bonding
This occurs in metals and is when electrons are given out from the
metal atoms to make a "sea" of free electrons in between all of the
metal atoms. These free electrons hol..
124: Important Ions
The table below lists some important ions that you should really know about:
Name of Ion
Formula
Hydroxide
OH (-)
Carbonate
CO3 (-2)
..
125: Reactivity Series
The following list shows how reactive different elements are in
relation to each other. This is a shortened list but contains most of
the elements that you need to know about.
Potassium ..
Page 5 of 18
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]
